COLUMN AISC STANDARDS IN STRUCTURES BASIC INFORMATION

Built-up columns shall satisfy the requirements of AISC Specification Section E6 except as modified in this Section. Transfer of all internal forces and stresses between elements of the built-up column shall be through welds.

1. I-Shaped Welded Columns

The elements of built-up I-shaped columns shall conform to the requirements of the AISC Seismic Provisions. Within a zone extending from 12 in. (300 mm) above the upper beam flange to 12 in. (300 mm) below the lower beam flange, unless specifically indicated in this Standard, the column webs and flanges shall be connected using CJP groove welds with a pair of reinforcing fillet welds. The minimum size of fillet welds shall be the lesser of 5/16 in. (8 mm) or the thickness of the column web.

2. Boxed Wide-Flange Columns

The wide-flange shape of a boxed wide-flange column shall conform to the requirements of the AISC Seismic Provisions. The width-to-thickness ratio (b/t) of plates used as flanges shall not exceed 0.6 SQRT(Es /Fy), where b shall be taken as not less than the clear distance between plates.

The width-to-thickness ratio (h/tw) of plates used only as webs shall conform to the provisions of Table I–8–1 of the AISC Seismic Provisions. Within a zone extending from 12 in. (300 mm) above the upper beam flange to 12 in. (300 mm) below the lower beam flange, flange and web plates of boxed wide-flange columns shall be joined by CJP groove welds. Outside this zone, plate elements shall be continuously connected by fillet or groove welds.

3. Built-up Box Columns

The width-to-thickness ratio (b/t) of plates used as flanges shall not exceed 0.6#Es /Fy #, where b shall be taken as not less than the clear distance between web plates.

The width-to-thickness ratio (h/tw) of plates used only as webs shall conform to the requirements of the AISC Seismic Provisions. Within a zone extending from 12 in. (300 mm) above the upper beam flange to 12 in. (300 mm) below the lower beam flange, flange and web plates of box columns shall be joined by CJP groove welds. Outside this zone, box column web and flange plates shall be continuously connected by fillet welds or groove welds.

4. Flanged Cruciform Columns

The elements of flanged cruciform columns, whether fabricated from rolled shapes or built up from plates, shall meet the requirements of the AISC Seismic Provisions.

User Note: For flanged cruciform columns, the provisions of AISC Specification Section E6 must be considered. Within a zone extending from 12 in. (300 mm) above the upper beam flange to 12 in. (300 mm) below the lower beam flange, the web of the tee-shaped sections shall be welded to the web of the continuous I-shaped section with CJP groove welds with a pair of reinforcing fillet welds.

The minimum size of fillet welds shall be the lesser of 5/16 in. (300 mm) or the thickness of the column web. Continuity plates shall conform to the requirements for wide-flange columns.

CODE CLASSIFICATIONS OF BUILDING BASIC AND TUTORIALS

Building codes usually classify a building in accordance with the fire zone in which it is located, the type of occupancy, and the type of construction, which is an indication of the fire protection offered.

The fire zone in which a building is located may be determined from the community’s fire-district zoning map. The building code specifies the types of construction and occupancy groups permitted or prohibited in each fire zone.

The occupancy group to which a building official assigns a building depends on the use to which the building is put.

Typical classifications include one- and two-story dwellings; apartment buildings, hotels, dormitories; industrial buildings with noncombustible, combustible, or hazardous contents; schools; hospitals and nursing homes; and places of assembly, such as theaters, concert halls, auditoriums and stadiums.

Type of construction of a building is determined, in general, by the fire ratings assigned to its components. A code usually establishes two major categories: combustible and noncombustible construction.

The combustible type may be subdivided in accordance with the fire protection afforded major structural components and the rate at which they will burn; for example, heavy timber construction is considered slow-burning.

The noncombustible type may be subdivided in accordance with the fire-resistive characteristics of components.

Building codes may set allowable floor areas for fire-protection purposes. The limitations depend on occupancy group and type of construction. The purpose is to delay or prevent spread of fire over large portions of the building.

For the same reason, building codes also may restrict building height and number of stories. In addition, to permit rapid and orderly egress in emergencies, such as fire, codes limit the occupant load, or number of persons allowed in a building or room. In accordance with permitted occupant loads, codes indicate the number of exits of adequate capacity and fire protection that must be provided.

ASTM DESIGNATIONS BASIC AND TUTORIALS

Structural steel material conforming to one of the following ASTM specifications is approved for use under this Specification:

(1) Hot-rolled structural shapes
ASTM A36/A36M
ASTM A529/A529M
ASTM A572/A572M
ASTM A588/A588M
ASTM A709/A709M
ASTM A913/A913M
ASTM A992/ A992M

(2) Structural tubing
ASTM A500
ASTM A501
ASTM A618
ASTM A847

(3) Pipe
ASTM A53/A53M, Gr. B

(4) Plates
ASTM A36/A36M
ASTM A242/A242M
ASTM A283/A283M
ASTM A514/A514M
ASTM A529/A529M
ASTM A572/A572M
ASTM A588/A588M
ASTM A709/A709M
ASTM A852/A852M
ASTM A1011/A1011M

(5) Bars
ASTM A36/A36M
ASTM A529/A529M
ASTM A572/A572M
ASTM A709/A709M

(6) Sheets
ASTM A606
A1011/A1011M SS, HSLAS, AND HSLAS-F

ZONING CODES PURPOSE DURING CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS BASICS AND TUTORIALS

ZONING CODES PURPOSE DURING CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS BASIC INFORMATION
What Is The Purpose Of Zoning Codes In Construction?


Like building codes, zoning codes are established under the police powers of the state, to protect the health, welfare, and safety of the public. Zoning, however, primarily regulates land use by controlling types of occupancy of buildings, building height, and density and activity of population in specific parts of a jurisdiction.

Zoning codes are usually developed by a planning commission and administered by the commission or a building department. Land-use controls adopted by the local planning commission for current application are indicated on a zoning map.

It divides the jurisdiction into districts, shows the type of occupancy, such as commercial, industrial, or residential, permitted in each district, and notes limitations on building height and bulk and on population density in each district.

The planning commission usually also prepares a master plan as a guide to the growth of the jurisdiction. A future land-use plan is an important part of the master plan.

The commission’s objective is to steer changes in the zoning map in the direction of the future land-use plan. The commission, however, is not required to adhere rigidly to the plans for the future. As conditions warrant, the commission may grant variances from any of the regulations.

In addition, the planning commission may establish land subdivision regulations, to control development of large parcels of land. While the local zoning map specifies minimum lot area for a building and minimum frontage a lot may have along a street, subdivision regulations, in contrast, specify the level of improvements to be installed in new land-development projects.

These regulations contain criteria for location, grade, width, and type of pavement of streets, length of blocks, open spaces to be provided, and right of way for utilities.

A jurisdiction may also be divided into fire zones in accordance with population density and probable degree of danger from fire. The fire-zone map indicates the\ limitations on types of construction that the zoning map would otherwise permit.

In the vicinity of airports, zoning may be applied to maintain obstruction-free approach zones for aircraft and to provide noise-attenuating distances around the airports. Airport zoning limits building heights in accordance with distance from the airport.

UNITED KINGDOM (UK) BUILDING REGULATIONS LINK DOCUMENT A CODE

UNITED KINGDOM (UK) BUILDING REGULATIONS LINK
Document A United Kingdom Building Regulations


Use of Guidance
a. Eurocodes: an announcement is given  regarding the forthcoming introduction  of the Structural Eurocodes and their   National Annexes.

b. House construction: reference is made to the intended publication of guidance  by industry of alternative forms of house  construction to that of traditional masonry. A1 and A2 Traditional dwellings

c. The guidance on the sizing of timber floors  and roofs for traditional house construction  has been removed as the Timber Tables  are now published by TRADA. However,  the TRADA Tables are referenced under Section 2B.

d. A revised map of basic wind speeds in  accordance with BS6399:Part 2 replaces  the superseded map which was based on  BS CP3 Chapter V.

e. Stainless steel cavity wall ties have  been specified to all houses regardless  of their location.

f. The guidance on masonry walls to dwellings  has been extended to enable the rules to be  applicable when using either the appropriate  British Standards or the emerging BS EN CEN  Standards.

g. The guidance on concrete foundations to  houses has been revised to align with the  recommendations given in the British  Standards and other authoritative guidance.  Recommendations on minimum foundation depths have also been included to counter   the impact of predicted climate changes.

h. The guidance on the design and construction  of domestic garages has been extensively  updated to reflect modern practice.

APPROVED DOCUMENTS
The following documents have been approved  and issued by the First Secretary of State for the   purpose of providing practical guidance with  respect to the requirements of the Building  Regulations 2010.

Approved Document A: Structure  2004 edition incorporating 2010 amendments

Approved Document B (Fire safety) – Volume   1: Dwellinghouses 2006 edition incorporating 2010 amendments

Approved Document B (Fire safety) – Volume  2: Buildings other than dwellinghouses  2006 edition incorporating 2007 and 2010  amendments

Approved Document C: Site preparation and  resistance to contaminants and moisture  2004 edition incorporating 2010 amendments

Approved Document D: Toxic substances  1992 edition incorporating 2002 and 2010 amendments

Approved Document E: Resistance to the  passage of sound  2003 edition incorporating 2004 and 2010 amendments

CONTINUE READING ON THIS LINK!!!

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES RESOURCES

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

National Building Code Of The Philippines

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6541

 

AN ACT TO ORDAIN AND INSTITUTE

A NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

 

TITLE 1 - ADMINISTRATIVE

Chapter 1.01 - GENERAL PROVISIONS

SECTION 1.01.01: Title

 

(a) This Act shall be known as the "National Building Code of the Philippines" and shall hereinafter be referred to as the "Code". 

  

SECTION 1.01.02: Declaration of Policy 

  

(a) It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare, consistent with the principles of environmental management and control; and to this end, make it the purpose of this Code to provide for all buildings and structured, a framework of minimum standards and requirements by guiding, regulating, and controlling their location, siting, design, quality of materials, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance, including their environment, utilities, fixtures, equipment, and mechanical electrical, and other systems and installations. 

  

SECTION 1.01.03: Scope 

  

(a) The provisions of this Code shall apply to the design, location, siting, construction, alteration, repair, conversion, use, occupancy, maintenance, moving, and demolition of, and addition to, public and private buildings and structures. 

  

(b) Additions, alterations, repairs, and changes of use or occupancy in all buildings and structures shall comply with requirements for new buildings and structures except as otherwise herein provided. Only such portion or portions of the existing building or structure which have to be altered to effect the addition, alteration, or repair shall be made to conform to the requirements for new buildings or structures. Alterations should preserve the aesthetic value of the building to be altered. 

  

(c) Where, in any specific case, different section of this Code specify different materials, methods of construction, or other requirements, the most restrictive shall govern. 

  

SECTION 1.01.04: Application 

  

(a) This Code shall apply to all buildings and structures constructed and any change or repair made thereon after the approval of said Code. Buildings or structures constructed before the approval of this Code shall not be affected thereby; Except, where their continued use or occupancy is dangerous to life or limb; or where alterations, additions, conversions, or repairs are to be made thereon, this Code shall apply only to such portions of the buildings or structure which have to be altered in order to effect such damages or repairs. 

  

(b) This Code shall apply to chartered cities, poblaciones of municipalities and municipal districts with a population of at least two thousand (2,000) inhabitants, and to barrios of urban areas with a population of at least two thousand (2,000) inhabitants. This Code shall also apply to any area where there are fifty (50) or more families per hectare. 

  

(c) This Code shall likewise apply to any area proposed for or being developed into a new town site, residential subdivision, commercial or residential site, school site, housing project, and similar construction projects where five or more buildings not covered by paragraph (d) of this Section will be constructed even if the poblacion or barrio population is less than two thousand (2,000) or the density of population is less than fifty (50) families per hectare. 

  

(d) The design and construction requirements of this Code shall not apply to any traditional indigenous family dwelling costing not more than five thousand pesos (P5,000.00) and intended for use and occupancy of the family of the owner only. The traditional type of family dwellings are those that are constructed of native materials such as bamboo, nipa, logs, or lumber, wherein the distance between vertical supports or suportales does not exceed 3.00 meters (10 feet); and if masonry walls or socalos are used, such shall not be more than 1.00 meter (3 feet, 3 inches) from the ground: Provided, however, That such traditional indigenous family dwelling will not constitute a danger to life or limb of its occupants or of the public; will not be fire hazard or an eyesore to the community; and does not contravene any fire zoning regulation of the city or municipality in which it is located. chan robles virtual law library

  

(e) Notwithstanding paragraph (d) of this Section, this Code shall apply to Group A dwellings produced on a commercial scale and intended for use by the general public. 

CALIFORNIA STATE BUILDING CODE - EMERGENCY ESCAPE WINDOWS PROVISION

CALIFORNIA STATE BUILDING CODE - EMERGENCY ESCAPE WINDOWS
What Is The Provision In The California Building Code On Emergency Escape Windows?


EMERGENCY ESCAPE WINDOWS


Section 310.4

Basements in dwelling units and every sleeping room below the fourth story shall have at least  one operable window or door approved for emergency escape or rescue that shall open directly into a public  street, public alley, yard or exit court.

The door or window shall be operable from the inside to provide a full clear  opening without the use of separate tools.

All escape or rescue windows shall have a minimum net clear openable area of 5.7 square feet.  The minimum net clear openable height dimension shall be twenty-four inches.

The minimum net clear openable width  dimension shall be twenty inches.  When windows are provided as a means of escape or rescue they shall  have a finished sill height not more than forty-four inches above the floor.

This measurement is taken from the  floor to the clear opening of the window, not the lower, wooden, plaster or sheetrock window stool.

Bars, grilles, grates or similar devices may be installed on an emergency escape or rescue windows or doors, provided:

1. Such devices are equipped with approved release mechanisms which are openable from the inside without the use of a key or special knowledge or effort; and

2. The building is equipped with smoke detectors installed in accordance with section 310.9.

ICE (UK) CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT FOR WORKS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION

UNITED KINGDOM INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CONTRACTS
ICE Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction


These are generally known as the ICE conditions and have for many years been the most widely used conditions for UK civil engineering works. They have a long history of satisfactory usage and have been tested in the courts and in arbitration so that the parties to a contract can be confident as to the meaning and interpretation to be placed on these conditions.

The latest edition is the 7th, published in 1999 together with guidance notes, reprinted with amendments in 2003. This edition is known as the Measurement Version to distinguish it from other ICE types of contract based on this established standard.

The principal provisions of the Measurement Version are as follows:
• The contractor constructs the works according to the designs and details given in drawings and specifications provided by the employer.

• The contractor does not design any major permanent works, but may be required to design special items (such as bearing piles whose choice may depend on the equipment he owns) and building services systems, etc.

• An independent engineer, designated ‘the Engineer’ is appointed by the employer to supervise construction, ensure compliance with the contract, authorize variations, and decide payments due; but his decisions can be taken by the employer or contractor to conciliation procedures, adjudication and/or arbitration.

• The contractor can claim extra payment and/or extension of time for overcoming unforeseen physical conditions, other than weather, which ‘could not…reasonably have been foreseen by an experienced contractor’ (Clause 12) and for other delays for which the employer is responsible.

• Payment is normally made by re-measurement of work done at rates tendered against items listed in bills of quantities, which can also include lump sums.

A particular advantage of the ICE conditions is that interpretation of the provisions of the contract lies in the hands of an independent Engineer, who is not a party to the contract, but is required to ‘act impartially within the terms of the contract having regard to all the circumstances’ (Clause 2(7)).

This gives assurance to both employer and contractor that their interests and obligations under the contract will be fairly dealt with. Also the contractor is paid for overcoming difficulties he could not reasonably have foreseen.

Both these matters reduce the contractor’s risks, making it possible for him to bid his lowest economic price. This benefits the employer, since the initial price is low and he does not pay out to cover risks which may not occur.

The ICE conditions contain many other provisions that have stood the test of time. These include requirements for early notice of potential delays and problems such as adverse ground conditions and provisions for submission and assessment of claims and valuation of variations.

Properly drawn up and administered, a contract under these conditions appears fair to both parties, and the percentage of contracts ending in a dispute which goes to arbitration is very small.

FIRE PROTECTION STANDARDS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS BASIC AND TUTORIALS

FIRE PROTECTION STANDARDS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
What Are The Fire Protection Standards For Buildings?


The standards most widely adopted are those published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269. The NFPA ‘‘National Fire Codes’’ comprise several volumes containing numerous standards, updated annually. (These are also available separately.)

The standards are supplemented by the NFPA ‘‘Fire Protection Handbook,’’ which contains comprehensive and detailed discussion of fire problems and much valuable statistical and engineering data.

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL), 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062, publishes testing laboratory approvals of devices and systems in its ‘‘Fire Protection Equipment List,’’ updated annually and by bimonthly supplements.

The publication outlines the tests that devices and systems must pass to be listed. The UL ‘‘Building Materials List’’ describes and lists building materials, ceiling-floor assemblies, wall and partition assemblies, beam and column protection, interior finish materials, and other pertinent data.

UL also publishes lists of ‘‘Accident Equipment,’’ ‘‘Electrical Equipment,’’ ‘‘Electrical Construction Materials,’’ ‘‘Hazardous Location Equipment,’’ ‘‘Gas and Oil Equipment,’’ and others. Separate standards for application to properties insured by the Factory Mutual System are published by the Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation (FM), Norwood, MA 02062. FM also publishes a list of devices and systems it has tested and approved.

The General Services Administration, acting for the federal government, has developed many requirements that must be considered, if applicable. Also, the federal government encourages cities to adopt some uniform code.

In addition, buildings must comply with provisions of the Americans with Disability Act (ADA). (See Department of Justice final rules, Federal Register, 28 CFR Part 36, July 26, 1991; American National Standards Institute ‘‘Accessibility Standard,’’ ANSI A117.1; ‘‘ADA Compliance Guidebook,’’ Building Owners and Managers Association International, 1201 New York Ave., Washington, D.C. 20005.)

The Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) sets standards for protecting the health and safety of nearly all employees. It is not necessary that a business be engaged in interstate commerce for the law to apply. OSHA defines employer as ‘‘a person engaged in a business affecting commerce who has employees, but does not include the United States or any State or political subdivision of a State.’’

An employer is required to ‘‘furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.’’ Employers are also required to ‘‘comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under the Act.’’

Building codes consist of a set of rules aimed at providing reasonable safety to the community, to occupants of buildings, and to the buildings themselves. The codes may adopt the standards mentioned previously and other standards concerned with fire protection by reference or adapt them to the specific requirements of the community.

In the absence of a municipal or state building code, designers may apply the provisions of the Uniform Building Code, promulgated by the International Conference of Building Officials, or other national model code.

Many states have codes for safety to life in commercial and industrial buildings, administered by the Department of Labor, the State Fire Marshal’s Office, the State Education Department, or the Health Department. Some of these requirements are drastic and must always be considered.

Obtaining optimum protection for life and property can require consultation with the owner’s insurance carrier, municipal officials, and the fire department. If the situation is complicated enough, it can require consultation with a specialist in all phases of fire protection and prevention.

In theory, municipal building codes are designed for life safety and for protection of the public, whereas insurance-oriented codes (except for NFPA 101, ‘‘Life Safety Code’’) are designed to minimize property fire loss.

Since about 70% of any building code is concerned with fire protection, there are many circumstances that can best be resolved by a fire protection consultant.