REPAIRING WALL DINGS AND DENTS BASIC AND TUTORIALS

WALL DINGS AND DENTS REPAIR BASIC TUTORIALS
How To Repair Wall Dings and Dents?



You’ll need the following:
􀁑 Sanding block or sandpaper (80–100 grit and 120–150 grit)
􀁑 Utility knife
􀁑 Clean sponge or cloth

􀁑 Putty knife
􀁑 Joint compound


1. Lay newspaper or a drop cloth below the repair site to catch debris. Put on safety goggles and a dust mask when you sand to protect your eyes and lungs.

2. Using the 80–100 grit sanding block or paper, lightly sand the dent to remove little flecks of the drywall or paint that hang on the surface.

3. Gently cut away any torn pieces of the drywall that remain at the repair site with a utility knife.

4. Wipe the dent with a damp cloth or sponge to remove any bits that remain in the dent area.

5. With the putty knife, fill the dent with joint compound, and smooth the surface of the repair. Wipe off and clean the putty knife. Allow the repair to dry (usually overnight; see joint compound package directions).

6. When the repaired surface is dry, sand with the fine (150-grit) sandpaper.

If the surface looks rough or bumpy, or if any of the dents can still be seen, you’ll need another cycle of compound application/drying time/sanding. If you’re satisfied with the repair, wipe it off with a damp cloth or sponge, or vacuum the repaired area using the brush tool. You are ready to prime and repaint.

What Pros Know

When applying joint compound, your result should blend into the surrounding wall. While the recesses caused by denting and nicking should be filled, you don’t want the surrounding walls to look like a relief map of the Rockies. Aim for a finished repair that is as flush to the intact drywall surface as you can make it. Think of the compound as a thin glaze, not fluffy frosting!

WALL BEARING FRAMING BASICS AND TUTORIALS

WALL BEARING FRAMING METHODS BASIC INFORMATION
What Is Wall Bearing Framing Method?


Probably the oldest and commonest type of framing, wall-bearing (not to be confused with bearing-wall construction), occurs whenever a wall of a building, interior or exterior, is used to support ends of main structural elements carrying roof or floor loads.

The walls must be strong enough to carry the reaction from the supported members and thick enough to ensure stability against any horizontal forces that may be imposed. Such construction often is limited to relatively low structures, because load-bearing walls become massive in tall structures. Nevertheless, a wall bearing system may be advantageous for tall buildings when designed with reinforcing steel.

A common application of wall-bearing construction may be found in many single-family homes. A steel beam, usually 8 or 10 in deep, is used to carry the interior walls and floor loads across the basement with no intermediate supports, the ends of the beam being supported on the foundation walls. The relatively shallow
beam depth affords maximum headroom for the span. In some cases, the spans may be so large that an intermediate support becomes necessary to minimize deflection.

Usually a steel pipe column serves this purpose. Another example of wall-bearing framing is the member used to support masonry over windows, doors, and other openings in a wall. Such members, called lintels, may be a steel angle section (commonly used for brick walls in residences) or, on longer spans and for heavier walls, a fabricated assembly.

A variety of frequently used types is shown in Fig. 7.6. In types b, c, and e, a continuous plate is used to close the bottom, or soffit, of the lintel, and to join the load-carrying beams and channels into a single shipping unit.

The gap between the toes of the channel flanges in type d may be covered by a door frame or window trim, to be installed later. Pipe and bolt separators are used to hold the two channels together to form a single member for handling.

Bearing Plates. Because of low allowable pressures on masonry, bearing plates (sometimes called masonry plates) are usually required under the ends of all beams that rest on masonry walls, as illustrated in Fig. 7.7.

Even when the pressure on the wall under a member is such that an area no greater than the contact portion
of the member itself is required, wall plates are sometimes prescribed, if the member is of such weight that it must be set by the steel erector. The plates, shipped loose and in advance of steel erection, are then set by the mason to provide a satisfactory seat at the proper elevation.

Anchors. The beams are usually anchored to the masonry. Government anchors, as illustrated in Fig. 7.7, are generally preferred.

Nonresidential Uses. Another common application for the wall-bearing system is in one-story commercial and light industrial-type construction. The masonry side walls support the roof system, which may be rolled beams, open-web joists, or light trusses.

Clear spans of moderate size are usually economical, but for longer spans (probably over 40 ft), wall thickness and size of buttresses (pilasters) must be built to certain specified minimum proportions commensurate with the span—a requirement of building codes to assure stability. Therefore, the economical aspect should be carefully investigated.

It may cost less to introduce steel columns and keep wall size to the minimum permissable. On the other hand, it may be feasible to reduce the span by introducing intermediate columns and still retain the wall-bearing system for the outer end reactions.

Planning for Erection. One disadvantage of wall-bearing construction needs emphasizing: Before steel can be set by the iron workers, the masonry must be built up to the proper elevation to receive it. When these elevations vary, as is the case at the end of a pitched or arched roof, then it may be necessary to proceed in alternate stages, progress of erection being interrupted by the work that must be performed by the masons, and vice versa.

The necessary timing to avoid delays is seldom obtained. A few columns or an additional rigid frame at the end of a building may cost less than using trades to fit an intermittent and expensive schedule. Remember, too, that labor-union regulations may prevent the trades from handling any material other than that belonging to their own craft.

An economical rule may well be: Lay out the work so that the erector and iron workers can place and connect all the steel work in one continuous operation.

What is the function of shear keys in the design of retaining walls?

SHEAR KEYS ON RETAINING WALL TUTORIALS
Civil Engineering Tutorials


In determining the external stability of retaining walls, failure modes like bearing failure, sliding and overturning are normally considered in design. In considering the criterion of sliding, the sliding resistance of retaining walls is derived from the base friction between the wall base and the foundation soils.

To increase the sliding resistance of retaining walls, other than providing a large self-weight or a large retained soil mass, shear keys are to be installed at the wall base. The principle of shear keys is as follows:

The main purpose of installation of shear keys is to increase the extra passive resistance developed by the height of shear keys.

However, active pressure developed by shear keys also increases simultaneously. The success of shear keys lies in the fact that the increase of passive pressure exceeds the increase in active pressure, resulting in a net improvement of sliding resistance.

On the other hand, friction between the wall base and the foundation soils is normally about a fraction of the angle of internal resistance (i.e. about 0.8 ) where is the angle of internal friction of foundation soil. When a shear key is installed at the base of the retaining wall, the failure surface is changed from the wall base/soil horizontal plane to a plane within foundation soil.

Therefore, the friction angle mobilized in this case is instead of 0.8 in the previous case and the sliding resistance can be enhanced.