HANDBOOK OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS FREE EBOOK DOWNLOAD LINK

HANDBOOK OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS DOWNLOAD LINK FREE!!!
Free E-Book Download Link Of The Book: Handbook of Civil Engineering Calculations 

Manage everyday calculations instantly and accurately-saving you time in the design, construction, and maintenance of all types of structures

Covering all aspects of civil engineering calculations in an easy-to-understand format, the new edition of the Handbook of Civil Engineering Calculations is now revised and updated with over 500 key calculations that show you exactly how to compute the desired values for a particular design-going quickly from data to finished result.

Using both customary and SI units, this comprehensive engineer's must-have resource is exactly what you need to solve the civil engineering problems that come your way. From structural steel to reinforced concrete, from bridges and dams to highways and roads, Handbook of Civil Engineering Calculations, 2e, lets you handle all of these design calculations quickly-and more importantly, correctly.

NEW TO THIS EDITION:

Updated calculation procedures using the latest applicable design codes for everything-from structural steel to reinforced concrete, from water supply to highways, freeways, roads, and more.

A wealth of new illustrated calculation procedures to provide better guidance for the design engineer
New civil-engineering data on “green” buildings and their design, better qualifying them for LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) ratings
Inside This Cutting-Edge Engineering Calculations Guide-

Structural Steel Engineering and Design • Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Engineering and Design • Timber Engineering • Soil Mechanics • Surveying, Route Design, and Highway Bridges • Fluid Mechanic, Pumps, Piping, and Hydro Power • Water Supply

DOWNLOAD LINK!!!

DEFECTS IN LUMBER (WOOD) USED IN CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION BASICS AND TUTORIALS

LUMBER DEFECTS (WOOD) - BASIC INFORMATION
What Are the Different Types of Lumber Defects?


Lumber may include defects that affect either its appearance, its mechanical properties, or both. These defects can have many causes, such as natural growth of the wood, wood diseases, animal parasites, too rapid seasoning, or faulty processing. Common defect types are shown in Figure 10.11.

Knots are branch bases that have become incorporated into the wood of the tree trunk or another limb. Knots degrade the mechanical properties of lumber, affecting the tensile and flexural strengths.

Shakes are lengthwise separations in the wood occurring between annual rings. They develop prior to cutting the lumber and could be due to heavy winds.

Wane is bark or other soft material left on the edge of the board or absence of material.

Sap Streak is a heavy accumulation of sap in the fibers of the wood, which produces a distinctive streak in color.

Reaction Wood is abnormally woody tissue that forms in crooked stems or limbs. Reaction wood causes the pith to be off center from the neutral axis of the tree. It creates internal stresses which can cause warping and longitudinal cracking.

Pitch Pockets are well-defined openings between annual rings that contain free resin. Normally, only Douglas fir, pines, spruces, and western larches have pitch pockets.

Bark Pockets are small patches of bark embedded in the wood. These pockets form as a result of an injury to the tree, causing death to a small area of the cambium. The surrounding tree continues to grow, eventually covering the dead area with a new cambium layer.

Checks are ruptures in wood along the grain that develop during seasoning. They can occur on the surface or end of a board. Surface checking results from the differential shrinkage between radial and tangential directions and is confined mostly to planer surfaces. Cracks due to end checking normally follow the grain and result in end splitting.

Splits are lengthwise separations of the wood caused by either mishandling or seasoning.

Warp is a distortion of wood from the desired true plane (see Figure 10.10). The four major types of warp are bow, crook, cup, and twist. Bow is a longitudinal curvature from end to end. Crook is the longitudinal curvature side to side.  Both of these defects result from differential longitudinal shrinkage.

Cup is the rolling of both edges up or down. Twist is the lifting of one corner out of the plane of the other three. Warp results from differential shrinkage, differential drying due to the production environment, or from the release of internal tree stress.

Raised, Loosened, or Fuzzy Grain may occur during cutting and dressing
of lumber.


Chipped or Torn Grain occurs when pieces of wood are scooped out of the
board surface or chipped away by the action of the cutting and planing tools.
Machine Burn is an area that has been darkened by overheating during cutting.