Civil Engineering Design And Construct - A Guide To Integrating Design Into The Construction Process Free E-Book Download Link

Free E-Book Download Link of Civil Engineering Design And Construct - A Guide To Integrating Design Into The Construction Process

This publication is a guide to best practice in managing the project process in civil engineering design and construct (D&C) projects. It discusses the issues to be addressed when managing design and explains the attitudes and practices that are recommended to enable projects to succeed. 

It is intended to increase awareness and understanding of the issues involved, identifying what decisions need to be made, when and why. Differences between D&C and traditional procurement routes are highlighted along with contractual issues.

"Design and construct" is taken to be a generic term encompassing the whole family of design, construct, finance, own, operate and transfer procurement strategies, in which one party is responsible for both designing and constructing a facility. 

This includes projects procured under the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). Considerable emphasis is placed on imparting awareness of the importance of the designer-constructor interface as, in a D&C project, the most critical lines of communication are at this interface. 

As well as describing contractual frameworks, this guide also contains management toolboxes for reference. It is a working document that will assist those at a senior level (clients, contractors and consultants alike) who have to make crucial decisions affecting the outcome of a project.

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COLD FORMED STEEL SHAPES BASICS AND TUTORIALS

COLD FORMED STEEL SHAPES BASIC INFORMATION
What Are Cold Formed Steel Shapes?


A wide variety of shapes can be produced by cold-forming and manufacturers have developed a wide range of products to meet specific applications. Figure 3.11 shows the common shapes of typical cold-formed steel framing members. Figure 3.12 shows common shapes for profiled sheets and trays used for roofing and wall cladding and for load bearing deck panels.

For common applications, such as structural studs, industry organizations, such as the Steel Framing Alliance (SFA) and the Steel Stud Manufacturers Association (SSMA) have developed standard shapes and nomenclature to promote uniformity of product availability across the industry. Figure 3.11 shows the generic shapes covered by the Universal Designator System.

The designator consists of four sequential codes. The first code is a three or four-digit number indicating the member web depth in 1/100 inches. The second is a single letter indicating the type of member, as follows:


framing member with stiffening lips
L = Angle or L-header
F = Furring channels
U = Cold-rolled channel
T = Track section


The third is a three-digit numeral indication flange width in 1/100 inches followed by a dash. The fourth is a two or three-digit numeral indicating the base steel thickness in 1/1000 inch (mils). As an example, the designator system for a 6'', C-shape with 1-5/8'' (1.62'') flanges and made with 0.054'' thick steel is 600S162-54.


Special Design Considerations for Cold-Formed Steel
Structural design of cold-formed members is in many respects more challenging than the design of hot rolled, relatively thick, structural members. A primary difference is cold-formed members are more susceptible to buckling due to their limited thickness.

The fact that the yield strength of the steel is increased in the cold-forming process creates a dilemma for the designer. Ignoring the increased strength is conservative, but results in larger members, hence more costly, than is needed if the increased yield strength is considered.

Corrosion creates a greater percent loss of cross section than is the case for thick members. All cold-formed steel members are coated to protect steel from corrosion during the storage and transportation phases of construction as well as for the life of the product.

Because of its effectiveness, hot-dipped zinc galvanizing is most commonly used. Structural and non-structural framing members are required to have a minimum metallic coating that complies with ASTM A1003/A1003M, as follows:
■ structural members – G60 and
■ non-structural members G40 or equivalent minimum.

To prevent galvanic corrosion special care is needed to isolate the cold-formed members from dissimilar metals, such as copper. The design, manufacture and use of cold-formed steel framing is governed by standards that are developed and maintained by the American Iron and Steel Institute along with organizations such as ASTM, and referenced in the building codes.