LAME'S ELLIPSOID BASICS AND TUTORIALS

LAME'S ELLIPSOID BASIC INFORMATION
What Is Lam´e’s Ellipsoid?

There are always three orthogonal principal directions in a stress state. It is therefore always possible to choose a rectangular Cartesian reference system which coincides with the three principal directions. In this case, the shearing components of the stress tensor vanish and it takes the form

In an inclined facet, with a semi-normal defined by the direction cosines l,m, n, the relation between the components of the stress vector and the principal stresses may be deduced from expression 9, yielding

Since the direction cosines must obey the condition l2+m2+n2 = 1, expression gives

If we consider a Cartesian reference system T1, T2, T3, this expression represents the equation of an ellipsoid, whose principal axes are the reference system and where the points on the ellipsoid are the tips P of the stress vectors
−→
OP (T1, T2, T3) acting in facets containing the point with the stress state defined by expression 24 (point O, Fig. 9)

This ellipsoid is a complete representation of the magnitudes of the stress vectors in facets around point O. It allows an important conclusion about the stress state: the magnitude of the stress in any facet takes a value between the maximum principal stress σ1 and the minimum principal stress σ3.

It must be mentioned here that this conclusion is only valid for the absolute value of the stress, since in expression 26 only the squares of the stresses are considered.

From Fig. 9 we conclude immediately that if the absolute values of two principal stresses are equal the ellipsoid takes a shape of revolution around the third principal direction and if the three principal stresses have the same absolute value the ellipsoid becomes a sphere.

In the first case, the stress→T acting in facets, which are parallel to the third principal direction have the same absolute value. Besides, if these two principal stresses have the same sign, we have an axisymmetric stress state.

CIVIL ENGINEERING LICENSE APPLICATION IN CANADA TUTORIALS

HOW TO APPLY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING LICENSE CANADA?
Civil Engineering License In Canada


Obtaining Licensure in Alberta 
Civil Engineers must be licensed by the Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists,  and Geophysicists of Alberta (APEGGA) to practice in Alberta. Internationally educated Civil Engineers can and should begin the application process before  they arrive in Alberta.

They should apply to APEGGA as a Foreign Licensee using the  APEGGA Application for Registration. Links to the Application Forms and other resources are at the end of this document. Complete the APEGGA Application for Registration, and provide detailed and accurate  answers to all questions.

When your application is complete with all documents, sign it and  send it to APEGGA at the following address:

APEGGA Head Office
1500 Scotia One
10060 Jasper Avenue NW
Edmonton, Alberta
T5J 4A2
Canada
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How to applyfor a Professional Engineer Licence in Ontario
Professional Engineers Ontario (PEO) is the organization that is mandated, under the Professional Engineers Act, with setting the standards for admission and with regulating the practice of professional engineering in Ontario. To practise as a professional engineer in Ontario, an individual must be licensed by PEO.

Licence Requirements
To be granted a licence to practise professional engineering, the applicant must:
be at least 18 years old;
be of good character;
hold an undergraduate engineering degree from a Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB)-accredited program (or possess equivalent qualifications).

Refer below to sections
“Minimum Academic Requirement” and “Applicants who do not hold a degree from a CEAB-accredited program;”  successfully complete PEO’s Professional Practice Examination (PPE); and demonstrate at least 48 months of verifiable, acceptable engineering experience, at least 12 months of which must be acquired in a Canadian jurisdiction under a licensed professional engineer (P.Eng.).
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