DRINKING WATER PLANT PROCESS SELECTION

Fundamental Precepts

Experience has taught us the following fundamental precepts in process selection (MWH, 2005):

1. The raw water quality of every source is different.

2. Raw water quality is variable.

3. There is no standard water treatment plant design that is applicable to all sources.

4. For every source, a number of treatment process alternatives are available.

5. Site conditions often limit the types of treatment process that can be used.

6. Retrofitting and upgrading of existing plants requires creative solutions that are not presented in standard textbooks such as this one.

7. Pilot plant testing is highly recommended in the selection of retrofit and upgrade alternatives.

8. Pilot plant testing requires careful planning and execution to obtain useful design and operating criteria.

9. It is essential that the multibarrier concept be a feature of all designs.

10. Operator experience is invaluable in developing a design.

CONCRETE CHARACTERISTICS BASIC AND CIVIL ENGINEERING TUTORIALS

CONCRETE CHARACTERISTICS BASIC INFORMATION
What Are The Characteristics Of Concrete?


Characteristics of Concrete
1) Convenient for use: the new mixtures have good plasticity that can be cast into components and structures in various shapes and sizes.

2) Cheap: raw materials are abundant and available. More than 80% of them are sand and stone whose resources are rich, energy consumption is low, according with the economic principle.

3) High-strength and durable: the strength of ordinary concrete is 20 - 55MPa with good durability.

4) Easy to be adjusted: the concrete with different functions can be made just by changing the varieties and quantities of composing materials to meet various demands of projects; steel bar can be added to concrete to improve its strength, and this kind of concrete is a composite material (reinforced concrete) which can improve its low tensile and bending strength in order to meet the needs of various structural engineering.

5 ) Environment-friendly: concrete can make full use of industrial wastes, such as slag, fly ash and others to reduce environmental pollution. Its major shortcomings are high dead weight, low tensile strength, brittle and easy to crack.