Bronze is an alloy consisting
principally of copper and tin and sometimes small proportions of
zinc, phosphorus, lead, manganese, silicon, aluminum, magnesium, etc.
The useful range of composition is from 3% to 25% tin and 95% to 75%
copper.
Bronze castings have a tensile strength
of 195 to 345 MPa (28,000 to 50,000 lb/in2), with a maximum at about
18% of tin content. The crushing strength ranges from about 290 MPa
(42,000 lb/in2) for pure copper to 1035 MPa (150,000 lb/in2) with 25%
tin content.
Cast bronzes containing about 4% to 5%
tin are the most ductile, elongating about 14% in 5 in. Gunmetal
contains about 10% tin and is one of the strongest bronzes.
Bell metal contains about 20% tin.
Copper-tin-zinc alloy castings containing 75% to 85% copper, 17% to
5% zinc, and 8% to 10% tin have a tensile strength of 240 to 275 Mpa
(35,000 to 40,000 lb/in2), with 20% to 30% elongation.
Government bronze contains 88% copper,
10% tin, and 2% zinc; it has a tensile strength of 205 to 240 MPa
(30,000 to 35,000 lb/in2), yield strength of about 50% of the
ultimate, and about 14% to 16% elongation in 2 in; the ductility is
much increased by annealing for ½ h at 700 to 800°C, but the
tensile strength is not materially affected.
Phosphor bronze is made with phosphorus
as a deoxidizer; for malleable products such as wire, the tin should
not exceed 4% or 5%, and the phosphorus should not exceed 0.1%.
United States Navy bronze contains 85% to 90% copper, 6% to 11% tin,
and less than 4% zinc, 0.06% iron, 0.2% lead, and 0.5% phosphorus;
the minimum tensile strength is 310 MPa (45,000 lb/in2), and
elongation at least 20% in 2 in.
Lead bronzes are used for bearing
metals for heavy duty; an ordinary composition is 80% copper, 10%
tin, and 10% lead, with less than 1% phosphorus. Steam or valve
bronze contains approximately 85% copper, 6.5% tin, 1.5% lead, and 4%
zinc; the tensile strength is 235 Mpa (34,000 lb/in2), minimum, and
elongation 22% minimum in 2 in (ASTM Specification B61). The bronzes
have a great many industrial applications where their combination of
tensile properties and corrosion resistance is especially useful.
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